Journal article
A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis
J Davis, H Eyre, FN Jacka, S Dodd, O Dean, S McEwen, M Debnath, J McGrath, M Maes, P Amminger, PD McGorry, C Pantelis, M Berk
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD | Published : 2016
Abstract
Schizophrenia risk has often been conceptualized using a model which requires two hits in order to generate the clinical phenotype-the first as an early priming in a genetically predisposed individual and the second a likely environmental insult. The aim of this paper was to review the literature and reformulate this binary risk-vulnerability model. We sourced the data for this narrative review from the electronic database PUBMED. Our search terms were not limited by language or date of publication. The development of schizophrenia may be driven by genetic vulnerability interacting with multiple vulnerability factors including lowered prenatal vitamin D exposure, viral infections, smoking in..
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Grants
Awarded by National Institutes of Health
Funding Acknowledgements
MB has received grant support from NIH, Simons Autism Foundation, Cancer Council of Victoria, CRC for Mental Health, Stanley Medical Research Foundation, MBF, NHMRC, Beyond Blue, Geelong Medical Research Foundation, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Organon, Novartis, Mayne Pharma and Servier. MB has been a speaker for Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Pfizer, Sanofi Synthelabo, Servier, Solvay and Wyeth, and served as a consultant to Allergan, Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Pfizer and Servier. FNJ has received Grant/Research support from the Brain and Behaviour Research Institute, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australian Rotary Health, the Geelong Medical Research Foundation, the Ian Potter Foundation, Eli Lilly, the Meat and Livestock Board and The University of Melbourne and has received speakers honoraria from Sanofi-Synthelabo, Janssen Cilag, Servier, Pfizer, Health Ed., Network Nutrition, Angelini Farmaceutica, and Eli Lilly. SD has received Grant/Research Support from the Stanley Medical Research Institute, NHMRC, Beyond Blue, ARHRF, Simons Foundation, Geelong Medical Research Foundation, Fondation FondaMental, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Organon, Mayne Pharma and Servier, speaker's fees from Eli Lilly, advisory board fees from Eli Lilly and Novartis and conference travel support from Servier. SM has received grant support from NIMH (MH099431). OMD is a research fellow and has received grant support from the Brain and Behavior Foundation, Marion and EH Flack Trust, Simons Autism Foundation, Australian Rotary Health, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Deakin University, Brazillian Society Mobility Program Lilly, NHMRC and an ASBD/Servier Grant. She has also received kind support from BioMedica Nutracuticals, NutritionCare and Bioceuticals. JMcG was funded by the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1056929). CP was funded by a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (628386), and a Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD) Distinguished Investigator Award (US; Grant ID: 18722). CP has participated on Advisory Boards for Janssen-Cilag, Astra-Zeneca, Lundbeck, and Servier. He has received honoraria for talks presented at educational meetings organised by Astra-Zeneca, Janssen-Cilag, Eli-Lilly, Pfizer, Lundbeck and Shire. PMcG has received Investigator Initiated Research Grant support from Janssen Cilag, Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and BMS, and speakers honoraria from Janssen Cllag, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Lundbeck and Astra Zeneca. He is supported by a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. JD, HE, FJ, MD, MM and PA declare no conflict of interest.